Coastal Management - Geographical Processes

Introduction

In comparison with many countries of the world, Australia possesses an enormous continuous coastline. Including islands, Australia's coast stretches for about 60 000 kilometres and comprises over 10 000 separate beaches. About two-thirds of the population live in the towns and cities that have been built to take advantage of the many benefits the coastline brings. Coastal management refers to the use and protection of this vast area, which is made up of marine (saltwater) and estuarine (meeting point of fresh and saltwater) ecosystems. In a constant state of evolution, these areas are naturally affected by rainfall, wind, ocean currents, waves and tidal movements.

Housing and development

The construction of houses around lagoons and swamps, the use of wetlands for landfills and the development of sand dunes for 'prime' real estate and recreational purposes have all had negative effects on Australia's coastal areas. The removal of vegetation has seen a significant reduction in biodiversity and also disrupted the natural processes which form intricate coastal ecosystems.

Beaches, for example, are formed by an ongoing cycle of erosion and deposition of sand. Storms erode beaches of their sand, which is then re-deposited by large waves. When humans attempt to use these areas for housing and recreation, this natural cycle is interrupted and sand banks become depleted. Over time, this has destroyed many of Australia's beautiful beaches. Cliff-top housing, although aesthetically pleasing for home-owners, is also dangerous because of its interference with these natural processes.

Question 24 (15 marks)

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In your answer you will be assessed on your ability to:

*organise and communicate your knowledge and understanding effectively

* support your ideas with relevant examples

*use geographic terms appropriately

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<!--[if !supportLists]-->A)    <!--[endif]-->Explain Australia’s regional and global links with ONE nation from two of the following areas:  aid, defence, migration, trade.

Migration between Australia and Indonesia is very one sided. Recently, Australia has had an issue with people smuggling which has lead to many ‘boat people’ trying to seek refuge in Australia. The Boat people issue has become one of the major issues in Australia in the last year with it being one of the most contentious during last year’s federal election. The Government has had to come up with ways to deal with the increasing numbers of illegal immigrants and with so many the detention centres are becoming overfilled with immigrants. Immigration is all one way with some Australians moving over to Indonesia to set up beach resorts and other tourist attractions.

 

In 2008-09, Indonesia is the largest recipient of Australian aid at a value of AUD462 million.In some areas, like education, development aid to Indonesia traces back to the early 1950s commencing with scholarships funded through the Colombo Plan. Australia is providing funds to help rebuild communities in Aceh and in other disaster affected areas, and to promote economic growth across Indonesia.

<!--[if !supportLists]-->B)    <!--[endif]-->Examine the future challenges and responses for Australia to EITHER Human rights OR Reconciliation OR Future population. 

Australia, as such a young nation, is still massively increasing in polulation. With a fear of overpopulation in major cities, Australia as a nation needs to accomodate people in different ways. All over the world there are examples of countries combatting over population. There are two main ways to accomodate for population increase, these being Urban Sprawl and Urban Consolidation.

 

Urban sprawl is the concept, which allows the spreading of the city outwards. It allows more space for many single homes to be made. Urban Sprawl is advantageous as it is aesthetically pleasing and not so clustered. This creates more room for the citizens and therefore there will be less traffic and congestion. Urban Sprawl is also very good for the short-term economy. It is better for people who prefer a low-density environment where locals are more familiar with each other. An example of this would be Boston in the USA.

Urban consolidation refers to the plans to make use of the existing urban infrastructure, the growth upwards as opposed to outwards. It is a good way for urban growth as no new public infrastructure is need to be made e.g. roads, bus stops, train lines ect. More people are able to live in a smaller space causing the density of the city to be higher. It also allows business owners to gain from this e.g. Meriton and Mirvac.

An example of this would be Tokyo.

There are many negatives for both of these. Urban Sprawl for example requires new infrastructure and obviously large amounts of space. Urban Consolidation however can cause conjestion with traffic and cause a dense population. It is more of a personal choice, but I feel that both methods would be compatible with Australia.

 

 

<!--[if !supportLists]-->C)    <!--[endif]-->Outline Australia’s changing regional role and/or global role in relation to the role of non-government organisations.

Y10: Defense Set to Give US More Military Access

Y10: Defense Set to Give US More Military Access

read this: http://goo.gl/0jlvq

What are the US and Australian military forces agreeing to currently? What the specific implications of this agreement? The us and australian military forces have agreed to Shared facilities are expected to include HMAS Stirling naval base in Western Australia, an army base in Townsville as the primary location for operations, the port of Darwin and the Bradshaw Field Training Area in the Northern Territory.

What is the name of the summit where Australia's Defense Minister and the US's Secretary of Defense will meet? At AUSMIN, Defence Minister Stephen Smith will meet his counterpart, US Defence Secretary Leon Panetta. It is not clear whether Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd will attend.
Which country is the US specifically reacting to? The increased US access to facilities in Australia is expected to be a significant feature of the Obama administration's ongoing global force posture review examining where US forces would be best placed to deal with future threats and uncertainties, including the increasing military power of China.
What are the US planners looking to achieve with this agreement regarding troop movement?
As US planners looking for ways to move forces around the world more effectively broke the globe down into regions, Australian officials worked closely with them on the Asia-Pacific.

What are other key areas of discussion at the summit? Other key areas for discussion at the talks will be cyber security, progress in Afghanistan and the state of the Joint Strike Fighter project. Australia plans to buy up to 100 of the revolutionary multi-role jets to replace the RAAF's F-111 bombers, retired last year, and its F/A-18 Hornets.


What does this agreement mean for Australia's future in the Regional and Global context? Whatever emerges from the AUSMIN summit is likely to fall far short of the scenario urged on both countries by conservative US military commentators, who would like to see US nuclear submarines based in northwestern Australia.

Mapping Skills: Geography Preliminary - 2006

Mapping Skills: Geography Preliminary - 2006

Source A-C
What is the predicted population growth rate in 2030? 0.5 Percent
What is the predicted population change in 2030? 50 Million
What region of the world is predicted to have the greatest gross increase in percentage between 1800 and 2050? Europe

Source D
How many males and females are there in Ethiopia for the age range 60-64 in the year 2000? 2.1million
How many males and females are there in Italy for the age range 60-64 in the year 2000? 4.2 Million

Why do you think that there is such a difference between these two countries? This is because of the different age structure of the two countries. Most younger people from italy in roughly 1960 after world war 2 travelled elsewhere for better living conditions and work.

Source E
What is located at GR831979? Dicks Hill
What is the highest point at AR7997? 490m
What is the contour interval for the map?10 metres
What physical feature is located at GR820975? Disused sand pit
Approximately how far is the Laurieton Sporting Complex from Hanleys Point on the Camden Haven Inlet? 4.3kms
Give the GR for the North Haven Public School. 830000
What is the highest point at Camden Head? Give the height and GR. 971973

Go Back To Where You came From

Take the time to think about the documentary you have just watched.

• What is your initial reaction to the show?

My initial reaction to the show was the variety of racial views shared amoungst the participants. I was strongly attracted to the Life Guard who see's value in both sides and has knowledge that can back up both perspectives. I feel that the youngest girl that was on the show was niave and undoubtably racist. Although she had legible reasons against illegal immagrints, I felt that she was quite hippocritical about stereotypes within society considering she was on Social Welfare Payment. I enjoyed watching the growth of all the characters and their moulding views when put into different situations.
Take this Quiz: http://www.sbs.com.au/thefacttester?question=4

• What percentage of immigrants are refugees? 1.5 percent of immigrantws are refugees.
• Why does such a small number of people make for such a big deal both politically and in the media? (Give your opinion) This is due to the  "perfect Australia" view that many people have. People that live in places with little to no immigrants share strong views against them because of a lack of knowledge. Most people that are affected and live with immigrants understand their position and can relate and get communication down to a personal level.

• Where does Australia rank among countries accepting refugees? Australia are the 18th largest acceptor of immigrants and refugees.
• To what extent do we have an obligation to help other people suffering in the world? (your opinion)        I feel that people with high moral concience's feel obliged to help those in need but I also understand people that don't have enough money to help others. I understand that we are constantly flooded by world vision adverts and generally most people eventually give in due to guilt and obligation.

• How much extra support do refugees receive in comparison to other Australian citizens? Exactly the same
• How many Asian nations have signed the UN Refugee Convention? 11
• Why is it important to note that Malaysia has not signed the UN Refugee Convention? What does this mean for refugees in Malaysia? This means that Malaysia still reserve the right to treat refugees poorly and force them to live without rights or chance of higher social status's/

Year 10: Military - US/Australia Alliance

1. Who is Steven Smith and what important role does he play for the Australian Government? Steven Smith is defence minister of Australia.
2. What is the Brookings Institution where Mr. Smith delivered his speech? The brooking instituion is in Washington in the US.
3. What role does the Australia/US Alliance play in Australia's 'strategic and security arrangements'? For almost 50 years, through the joint defence facilities in Australia, we have made a significant contribution to US national security by hosting or supporting some of the US's most sensitive and critical strategic capabilities
4. What is important about Australia's global location for this alliance? Australia's global location can assist the US by monitoring near by countries such as China, Indonesia. Australia
5. What contributions has Australia made to this alliance for the last 50 years? Australia has made a significant contribution through joint defence facilities aswell as hosting some of the US's mostsensitive and critical strategic capabilities.
6. What did the minister say about the Australian companies who do business with the US? Australia is an ally that adds value. We are not a consumer of US security who imposes tough choices on the US military and US public policy.
7. Why does the minister point out this information about this company? What does it highlight about the relationship between Australia and the US? It highlights that we value-add, and we do so from a vantage point of respect, not dependency
8. What is the country central to Australia's relationships in the region? China is the country central to Australia's relationships in the region.  
9. What is Australia trying to foster with this country? Australia wants, as the Chinese would say, China to emerge into a 'harmonious environment'
10. Why do you think that this is important to Australia? This is because China is one of the super powers of the world and if Australia has them as an allie they can almost guarantee there safety.

Year 10: Immigration

1. An asylum seeker is a person who has fled their own country and applies to the government of another country for protection as a refugee. According to the United Nations Convention and Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (the Refugee Convention), a refugee is a person who is outside their own country and is unable or unwilling to return due to a well-founded fear of being persecuted.

2. They are generally in fear of being persecuted because of their:

• race
• religion
• nationality
• membership of a particular social group
• political opinion.

3. Humanitarian Program, aims to:

• assist people in humanitarian need overseas for whom resettlement in another country is the only available option; and
• comply with Australia's international obligations onshore under the Refugee Convention.

The program has two main parts: off-shore resettlement and on-shore protection.

4. There are about 9.7 million refugees around the world. Asia hosts more than one third of the world's refugees (3.6 million), followed by Africa (3.1 million), Europe (2.2 million) and North America (0.58 million).

Questions:

1. What is the deal between Australia and Malaysia? (What are the numbers of people being 'swapped'?) Send 800 asylum seakers in exchange for 4000 refugees
2. What rights will they have in Malaysia which will allow them to support themselves? The deal states they will be treated with rights and respect, under normal human rights.
3. How does Malaysia normally treat illegal immigrants? They normally treat illegal immigrants terribly by sending them to special "holding" centres if they are found working in illegal factories.
4. Are children being sent to Malaysia? Children will be sent but will be entitled to education and basic human rights
5. What is going to happen to the processing of the 500+ people currently in Australia who have arrived from the 7th of May? Will now be processed in Australia. They will have their claims processed in Australia.
6. What do refugee advocates worry about for the 800 asylum seekers? They are put in harms way in the future, which can't be ruled out.
7. What is the goal of this 'swap' program? The goal of this swap program is to rid Australia of any illegal immigrants(asylum seakers) and to bring in legitimate refugees who deserve a better lifestyle.
8. Do you think that it will work? Why/why not? I dont feel it will work because if Mrs Gillard can't control and guarantee safety of her own people in Malaysia how can she guarantee the safety of 800 asylum seekers.