Coastal Management - Geographical Processes

Introduction

In comparison with many countries of the world, Australia possesses an enormous continuous coastline. Including islands, Australia's coast stretches for about 60 000 kilometres and comprises over 10 000 separate beaches. About two-thirds of the population live in the towns and cities that have been built to take advantage of the many benefits the coastline brings. Coastal management refers to the use and protection of this vast area, which is made up of marine (saltwater) and estuarine (meeting point of fresh and saltwater) ecosystems. In a constant state of evolution, these areas are naturally affected by rainfall, wind, ocean currents, waves and tidal movements.

Housing and development

The construction of houses around lagoons and swamps, the use of wetlands for landfills and the development of sand dunes for 'prime' real estate and recreational purposes have all had negative effects on Australia's coastal areas. The removal of vegetation has seen a significant reduction in biodiversity and also disrupted the natural processes which form intricate coastal ecosystems.

Beaches, for example, are formed by an ongoing cycle of erosion and deposition of sand. Storms erode beaches of their sand, which is then re-deposited by large waves. When humans attempt to use these areas for housing and recreation, this natural cycle is interrupted and sand banks become depleted. Over time, this has destroyed many of Australia's beautiful beaches. Cliff-top housing, although aesthetically pleasing for home-owners, is also dangerous because of its interference with these natural processes.

Question 24 (15 marks)

___________________________________________________________________________

In your answer you will be assessed on your ability to:

*organise and communicate your knowledge and understanding effectively

* support your ideas with relevant examples

*use geographic terms appropriately

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<!--[if !supportLists]-->A)    <!--[endif]-->Explain Australia’s regional and global links with ONE nation from two of the following areas:  aid, defence, migration, trade.

Migration between Australia and Indonesia is very one sided. Recently, Australia has had an issue with people smuggling which has lead to many ‘boat people’ trying to seek refuge in Australia. The Boat people issue has become one of the major issues in Australia in the last year with it being one of the most contentious during last year’s federal election. The Government has had to come up with ways to deal with the increasing numbers of illegal immigrants and with so many the detention centres are becoming overfilled with immigrants. Immigration is all one way with some Australians moving over to Indonesia to set up beach resorts and other tourist attractions.

 

In 2008-09, Indonesia is the largest recipient of Australian aid at a value of AUD462 million.In some areas, like education, development aid to Indonesia traces back to the early 1950s commencing with scholarships funded through the Colombo Plan. Australia is providing funds to help rebuild communities in Aceh and in other disaster affected areas, and to promote economic growth across Indonesia.

<!--[if !supportLists]-->B)    <!--[endif]-->Examine the future challenges and responses for Australia to EITHER Human rights OR Reconciliation OR Future population. 

Australia, as such a young nation, is still massively increasing in polulation. With a fear of overpopulation in major cities, Australia as a nation needs to accomodate people in different ways. All over the world there are examples of countries combatting over population. There are two main ways to accomodate for population increase, these being Urban Sprawl and Urban Consolidation.

 

Urban sprawl is the concept, which allows the spreading of the city outwards. It allows more space for many single homes to be made. Urban Sprawl is advantageous as it is aesthetically pleasing and not so clustered. This creates more room for the citizens and therefore there will be less traffic and congestion. Urban Sprawl is also very good for the short-term economy. It is better for people who prefer a low-density environment where locals are more familiar with each other. An example of this would be Boston in the USA.

Urban consolidation refers to the plans to make use of the existing urban infrastructure, the growth upwards as opposed to outwards. It is a good way for urban growth as no new public infrastructure is need to be made e.g. roads, bus stops, train lines ect. More people are able to live in a smaller space causing the density of the city to be higher. It also allows business owners to gain from this e.g. Meriton and Mirvac.

An example of this would be Tokyo.

There are many negatives for both of these. Urban Sprawl for example requires new infrastructure and obviously large amounts of space. Urban Consolidation however can cause conjestion with traffic and cause a dense population. It is more of a personal choice, but I feel that both methods would be compatible with Australia.

 

 

<!--[if !supportLists]-->C)    <!--[endif]-->Outline Australia’s changing regional role and/or global role in relation to the role of non-government organisations.

Y10: Defense Set to Give US More Military Access

Y10: Defense Set to Give US More Military Access

read this: http://goo.gl/0jlvq

What are the US and Australian military forces agreeing to currently? What the specific implications of this agreement? The us and australian military forces have agreed to Shared facilities are expected to include HMAS Stirling naval base in Western Australia, an army base in Townsville as the primary location for operations, the port of Darwin and the Bradshaw Field Training Area in the Northern Territory.

What is the name of the summit where Australia's Defense Minister and the US's Secretary of Defense will meet? At AUSMIN, Defence Minister Stephen Smith will meet his counterpart, US Defence Secretary Leon Panetta. It is not clear whether Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd will attend.
Which country is the US specifically reacting to? The increased US access to facilities in Australia is expected to be a significant feature of the Obama administration's ongoing global force posture review examining where US forces would be best placed to deal with future threats and uncertainties, including the increasing military power of China.
What are the US planners looking to achieve with this agreement regarding troop movement?
As US planners looking for ways to move forces around the world more effectively broke the globe down into regions, Australian officials worked closely with them on the Asia-Pacific.

What are other key areas of discussion at the summit? Other key areas for discussion at the talks will be cyber security, progress in Afghanistan and the state of the Joint Strike Fighter project. Australia plans to buy up to 100 of the revolutionary multi-role jets to replace the RAAF's F-111 bombers, retired last year, and its F/A-18 Hornets.


What does this agreement mean for Australia's future in the Regional and Global context? Whatever emerges from the AUSMIN summit is likely to fall far short of the scenario urged on both countries by conservative US military commentators, who would like to see US nuclear submarines based in northwestern Australia.

Mapping Skills: Geography Preliminary - 2006

Mapping Skills: Geography Preliminary - 2006

Source A-C
What is the predicted population growth rate in 2030? 0.5 Percent
What is the predicted population change in 2030? 50 Million
What region of the world is predicted to have the greatest gross increase in percentage between 1800 and 2050? Europe

Source D
How many males and females are there in Ethiopia for the age range 60-64 in the year 2000? 2.1million
How many males and females are there in Italy for the age range 60-64 in the year 2000? 4.2 Million

Why do you think that there is such a difference between these two countries? This is because of the different age structure of the two countries. Most younger people from italy in roughly 1960 after world war 2 travelled elsewhere for better living conditions and work.

Source E
What is located at GR831979? Dicks Hill
What is the highest point at AR7997? 490m
What is the contour interval for the map?10 metres
What physical feature is located at GR820975? Disused sand pit
Approximately how far is the Laurieton Sporting Complex from Hanleys Point on the Camden Haven Inlet? 4.3kms
Give the GR for the North Haven Public School. 830000
What is the highest point at Camden Head? Give the height and GR. 971973

Go Back To Where You came From

Take the time to think about the documentary you have just watched.

• What is your initial reaction to the show?

My initial reaction to the show was the variety of racial views shared amoungst the participants. I was strongly attracted to the Life Guard who see's value in both sides and has knowledge that can back up both perspectives. I feel that the youngest girl that was on the show was niave and undoubtably racist. Although she had legible reasons against illegal immagrints, I felt that she was quite hippocritical about stereotypes within society considering she was on Social Welfare Payment. I enjoyed watching the growth of all the characters and their moulding views when put into different situations.
Take this Quiz: http://www.sbs.com.au/thefacttester?question=4

• What percentage of immigrants are refugees? 1.5 percent of immigrantws are refugees.
• Why does such a small number of people make for such a big deal both politically and in the media? (Give your opinion) This is due to the  "perfect Australia" view that many people have. People that live in places with little to no immigrants share strong views against them because of a lack of knowledge. Most people that are affected and live with immigrants understand their position and can relate and get communication down to a personal level.

• Where does Australia rank among countries accepting refugees? Australia are the 18th largest acceptor of immigrants and refugees.
• To what extent do we have an obligation to help other people suffering in the world? (your opinion)        I feel that people with high moral concience's feel obliged to help those in need but I also understand people that don't have enough money to help others. I understand that we are constantly flooded by world vision adverts and generally most people eventually give in due to guilt and obligation.

• How much extra support do refugees receive in comparison to other Australian citizens? Exactly the same
• How many Asian nations have signed the UN Refugee Convention? 11
• Why is it important to note that Malaysia has not signed the UN Refugee Convention? What does this mean for refugees in Malaysia? This means that Malaysia still reserve the right to treat refugees poorly and force them to live without rights or chance of higher social status's/

Year 10: Military - US/Australia Alliance

1. Who is Steven Smith and what important role does he play for the Australian Government? Steven Smith is defence minister of Australia.
2. What is the Brookings Institution where Mr. Smith delivered his speech? The brooking instituion is in Washington in the US.
3. What role does the Australia/US Alliance play in Australia's 'strategic and security arrangements'? For almost 50 years, through the joint defence facilities in Australia, we have made a significant contribution to US national security by hosting or supporting some of the US's most sensitive and critical strategic capabilities
4. What is important about Australia's global location for this alliance? Australia's global location can assist the US by monitoring near by countries such as China, Indonesia. Australia
5. What contributions has Australia made to this alliance for the last 50 years? Australia has made a significant contribution through joint defence facilities aswell as hosting some of the US's mostsensitive and critical strategic capabilities.
6. What did the minister say about the Australian companies who do business with the US? Australia is an ally that adds value. We are not a consumer of US security who imposes tough choices on the US military and US public policy.
7. Why does the minister point out this information about this company? What does it highlight about the relationship between Australia and the US? It highlights that we value-add, and we do so from a vantage point of respect, not dependency
8. What is the country central to Australia's relationships in the region? China is the country central to Australia's relationships in the region.  
9. What is Australia trying to foster with this country? Australia wants, as the Chinese would say, China to emerge into a 'harmonious environment'
10. Why do you think that this is important to Australia? This is because China is one of the super powers of the world and if Australia has them as an allie they can almost guarantee there safety.

Year 10: Immigration

1. An asylum seeker is a person who has fled their own country and applies to the government of another country for protection as a refugee. According to the United Nations Convention and Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (the Refugee Convention), a refugee is a person who is outside their own country and is unable or unwilling to return due to a well-founded fear of being persecuted.

2. They are generally in fear of being persecuted because of their:

• race
• religion
• nationality
• membership of a particular social group
• political opinion.

3. Humanitarian Program, aims to:

• assist people in humanitarian need overseas for whom resettlement in another country is the only available option; and
• comply with Australia's international obligations onshore under the Refugee Convention.

The program has two main parts: off-shore resettlement and on-shore protection.

4. There are about 9.7 million refugees around the world. Asia hosts more than one third of the world's refugees (3.6 million), followed by Africa (3.1 million), Europe (2.2 million) and North America (0.58 million).

Questions:

1. What is the deal between Australia and Malaysia? (What are the numbers of people being 'swapped'?) Send 800 asylum seakers in exchange for 4000 refugees
2. What rights will they have in Malaysia which will allow them to support themselves? The deal states they will be treated with rights and respect, under normal human rights.
3. How does Malaysia normally treat illegal immigrants? They normally treat illegal immigrants terribly by sending them to special "holding" centres if they are found working in illegal factories.
4. Are children being sent to Malaysia? Children will be sent but will be entitled to education and basic human rights
5. What is going to happen to the processing of the 500+ people currently in Australia who have arrived from the 7th of May? Will now be processed in Australia. They will have their claims processed in Australia.
6. What do refugee advocates worry about for the 800 asylum seekers? They are put in harms way in the future, which can't be ruled out.
7. What is the goal of this 'swap' program? The goal of this swap program is to rid Australia of any illegal immigrants(asylum seakers) and to bring in legitimate refugees who deserve a better lifestyle.
8. Do you think that it will work? Why/why not? I dont feel it will work because if Mrs Gillard can't control and guarantee safety of her own people in Malaysia how can she guarantee the safety of 800 asylum seekers.

Year 10: Monday 25/7 Period 4

1. What title does Kevin Rudd have in the Australian Government? Explain what this role entails. Kevin Rudds title is foreign minister which means he deals with foreign affairs and international treaty organisations such as ASEAN.
2. What is Kevin Rudd's concern? Mr Rudd told Mr Pak it was “unacceptable” for North Korea to blame on others the security problems it had caused for the whole region, having recently torpedoed a South Korean naval frigate, shelled civilians’ homes across the border  and defied two UN Security Council resolutions by pursuing an enriched uranium weapons program.
3. What forum was he at to express his concerns? Kevin Rudd was at the ASEAN Regional Forum blaming the US, South Korea and Japan for  provoking the current dangerous instability on the Korean Peninsula.
4. What actions have North Korea performed recently which have Rudd alarmed and the region lacking stability? Rudd was alarmed at North Korea having recently torpedoed a South Korean naval frigate, shelled civilians’ homes across the border  and defied two UN Security Council resolutions by pursuing an enriched uranium weapons program.
5. What is a 'direct threat' to Australia according to Rudd? Kevin Rudd was refering to the long range missile "Taepodong-2" Which could fire a distance of over 15,000 km, a direct threat to Northern Australia.
6. What do you think that Rudd is trying to accomplish diplomatically by calling out his North Korean counterpart publicly? How does this relate to Australia's relationship and role in the region? 
7. How does this relate to Australia's relationship to major allies?

Year 10: Australian Aid

Year 10: Australian Aid - Article Summary

• In the past five years Australia's overseas aid budget has doubled. In the next five years it will double again. By 2015 we will be spending $8 billion a year on helping people overseas. All sides of politics support this, and many other rich countries are doing the same. But no one explains why it is happening. There is an uneasy sense that we might all be deluding ourselves.
• So it seemed like a good idea when, late last year, Kevin Rudd announced a review of Australia's overseas aid program by an impressive panel of experts. Rudd recently released their report, and his response. The report is full of good sense about how to allocate and administer all the extra money. But neither the panel's report nor the government's response provides a really convincing answer to the bigger underlying questions about the purpose of our aid program and the reason it's growing so fast.

• Perhaps they think the answer is obvious. Helping people in need is a good thing to do, and there are always more people who need help. But spending money in ways that makes no difference doesn't help anyone, and there is no virtue in aid that makes donors feel good but doesn't help the needy.

 

• Of course some aid really does help. Most obviously, emergency relief after disasters such as Indonesia's tsunami can save thousands. But this accounts for only 7 per cent of today's program.
• The vast bulk of our aid is supposed to help overcome long-term poverty. It is certainly a big problem; a billion people still live on less than $1.25 a day. But there are two things about poverty we need to understand.
• First, poverty is being overcome. In 1981, 54 per cent of the world's people lived in extreme poverty. By 2005 this had fallen to 25 per cent. In 2015 it will be less than 15 per cent, according to the World Bank.
• Second, it's not being beaten by aid, but by economic growth. Many of the world's most populous nations, left behind two centuries ago by the industrial revolution, are finally catching up. What we used to call ''the developing world'' has in the past few years overtaken ''the developed world'' in economic output. In China, economic growth has lifted half a billion people out of poverty since 1990.
• There is a strange alchemy to economic growth. It requires a remarkable confluence of factors - social, political and technological - to start whole populations moving from semi-subsistence farming to paid work. For decades, well-meaning Westerners have been trying to find out how to catalyse this process in poor countries. Different theories of development have driven successive fashions in aid, each new panacea discredited in its turn. Meanwhile, trillions of dollars and decades of devoted effort have done little.
• Now, as we watch some of the word's poorest countries start to grow of their own accord, we can see more clearly that aid in any form (capital, technology, roads, schools, armies of technical advisers) does not make much difference. The alchemy of growth depends above all on social and political circumstances and institutions. What works in any particular place or time depends on myriad local factors. It has to be home-grown, not engineered from outside.
• To see this we only need to look across Torres Strait. For almost 40 years, Australia's aid program to PNG has been one of the world's largest and most innovative, and yet PNG is no closer to sustainable economic growth or better living standards today than it was at independence in 1975.
• So why, now that so many of the word's largest and poorest countries have found their own ways to grow out of poverty, are countries like Australia redoubling their aid programs? Of course the shrewd ones say that aid is not really about helping other people at all, but about serving Australia's national interests. Both the review panel (rather coyly), and the government (more blatantly) acknowledge there is more to aid than altruism. No prizes for guessing that more aid to Africa and the Caribbean is all about our UN Security Council bid, or that the big program in Afghanistan is aimed primarily at impressing Washington.
• But such flagrant cases aside, there is a lot of fuzzy thinking about how aid really does serve Australia's interests. Take the government's flagship project - building thousands of schools in Indonesia. It started under Howard as a way to combat terrorism by countering Islamic radicalism in Indonesia's education system. But Indonesia found its own way to do that, and it is anyway doubtful that building the schools gives us much influence over what is taught in them.
• Advocates will answer that the program is a good idea anyway. More schools are vital to Indonesia's economic growth. That is certainly true, but Indonesians don't need us to tell them that. They would be building schools anyway. Our money simply displaces theirs, which they then spend on something else - something less important.
• But we like this kind of project because Australians are wedded to an image of Indonesia as a country too poor to help itself. Think again. Indonesia is richer than Australia. Measured in purchasing power parity terms, which avoids exchange rate distortions and gives the truest index of relative economic weight, Indonesia's GDP is now significantly larger than ours. If we really cared about other people's poverty, we should be celebrating this, but instead we ignore it.
• Indeed the rich West as a whole is in deep denial about the way the world is changing as wealth and power flows away from us to the developing world. And I wonder whether this is not, deep down, why we are all suddenly scrambling to give more aid? Any act of charity is, among other things, an assertion of power. Perhaps as power slips away, we feel more need to assert it.

Question 2
The author of this article obviously believes that the majority of our money spent in overseas aid is a waste. Although he acknowledges that there are parts of our aid program that are very beneficial to our overseas friends, he uses the examples of minimising poverty and emergency aid. He then progresses his arguement to say that this accounts for less than 10 percent of our program now. He explains that the bulk of our overseas aids funds are used to help reduce poverty by specifically building schools etc. He then further develops his point by saing that these countries would already be thinking about this, so the money we give them is a waste. He believes that they are already thinking about making schools, which means the money we "waste" on them will be spent on less important things. He then concludes that Australia should be more assertive in regards to this issue.

Question 3

So why, now that so many of the word's largest and poorest countries have found their own ways to grow out of poverty, are countries like Australia redoubling their aid programs? Of course the shrewd ones say that aid is not really about helping other people at all, but about serving Australia's national interests. Both the review panel (rather coyly), and the government (more blatantly) acknowledge there is more to aid than altruism. No prizes for guessing that more aid to Africa and the Caribbean is all about our UN Security Council bid, or that the big program in Afghanistan is aimed primarily at impressing Washington.

Exam Prep - Urban Sprawl

1) This is an example of Urban Sprawl because its the expansion of borders and a new suburb near Penrith as it isn't the renovation/renewal of a existing suburb/city but a enlargement of living space for people to become residents of.

2) I think the construction of the town Jordan Springs is actually has a negative effect on the surrounding community for a number of reasons. For example, some people, especially some Aborigine Tribes have complained that their heritage land is being stripped from them forcefully and impacting on their own living space that they have held for thousands of years. Other people have complained because it is depleting the natural beauty of the original woodland and lakes with the building of a town to create a funner 'community' aswell as more jobs and living space. There would be long term advantages in maintaining and preserving the Cumberland Plain Woodland that is the main focal opinion of many people. The creation of Jordan Springs also destroys habitats of animals, this point has probably not even been considered by the government and the removal of these habitats may cause a sudden drop in the population of certain species. For Sydney, the only advantage is that it would create more living space for people. The main disadvantage is the non-conservation of the woodland because if you kept the trees rather than remove them, you would allow CO2 levels to stay lower, rather than increase as there are less trees and more emission creating buildings and vehicles. For Australia, Jordan Springs can also be used as a center for asylum seekers or new (legal) residents rather than having to create more houses in already populated areas. There are many disadvantages such as the rise in pollution levels which Australia doesn't need. Also there is the serious possibility of nobody wanting to move in to Jordan Springs with only temporary jobs in construction and no definite jobs in any other service.

9.2 Questions Page 213

 

1) Urban Sprawl is the spreading outwards of a city and its suburbs to its outskirts to low-density, auto-dependent development on rural land, with associated design features that encourage car dependency.

2) Urban Consolidation is the increase of dwelling densities within established areas over and above that which is already there through infill or redevelopment of existing buildings.

3) A highly urbanized country means its has a high population density, a high proportion of the population working in manufacturing and/or professional or service-related industries. High urbanized countries are also centres of business, trade, tourism, entertainment and finance.

4) The statistics that suggest Australia is high urbanized are that it has over 65% of its population in its capital cities, the availability of flat land and coastal locations are encouraging people to move into those capital cities. The United Nations has also successfully estimated that 92% of Australians live in an urbanized area.

5) The fact that each capital cities location are linked to coastal locations, historical values, transport advantages and a favorable climate aswell as availability of flat ground for building development

6) Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and particularly to humans. This is related to urban sprawl as the larger a population is, the more suburbs are created in a city to expand outwards to fit the amount of people in comfortably. The problem with this is the cost of infrastructure and supplies needed to build these new areas and the removal

of nature.

7) Australian cities have very low population density in comparison to other cities such as Mumbai and Cairo. There has been a recent shift in Australians wanting to live in small houses and apartments rather than in detached houses. Unlike other countries, Australia's available land to be expanded upon, its quite large compared to London or Paris.

8) Urban consolidation is able to provide a new suburb with the latest technology and equipment needed to allow its population to live comfortably aswell as not having to expand so quickly outwards. The main factor of urban consolidation over urban sprawl is that it allows the population to use features such as public transport, electricity and water supplies can be used more intensely

9) Urban planners have managed to innovate new designs for apartments and new estates to manage the problem of population growth in cities. They have been able to create apartments and estates that are smaller but more comfortable for the person/people living inside.

10A) Melbourne
B) It is measured in the number of people living per square kilometre
C) Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Wollongong, Perth, Gold Coast, Newcastle, Canberra, Gosford and Brisbane
D) 80% of Australia's largest 10 cities have more than 1000 people living in a square kilometre

11) Some of the opinions of the detached housing residents would be that the construction of apartments takes too long or that its prices make a suburbs total value decrease. The impacts would be that current residents would be disturbed be construction workers, sound(s) and possible obstructions and time delays on roads and transport.

12) The advantages of living in a detached estate would be that you can choose more specifically where you want to live, you can control the tidiness of your own home, you need to pay less maintenance and service fees, you can use your house as a social area without having to worry so much about other residents in the nearby area, and prices don't change for rent. Disadvantages are the interest on mortgages, cost of the entire area and renovation and the availability of land space and the cost of the land itself

9.1 Questions

9.1 Questions

1. What is meant by the term "Urban Sprawl"? The uncontrollable spread of urban development into neighbouring regions.
 2.What is meant by the term "Urban Consolidation"? Land within an existing city's boundary is developed with high-rise apartments complexes, townhouses and villa developments.
3.What is meant by a highly urbanised country? Where the majority of the population lives in urban areas.

4. List three statistics that suggest Australia is a higly urbanised country?  Has a high population density, not tolerable conditions apart from urban areas and most employment is in the major centres.
5.What factors have influenced the location of Australia's capital cities? A high population density, a high proportion of the population working in manufacturing and/or professional or service related industries and they are centres of business, trade, tourism, entertainment and finance.

6.What is popultion density and how is it related to urban sprawl? The number of people living per unit of an area and it is related to urban sprawl as it shows how many people live in each region.

7.How do Australian cities compare to other cities in the world in terms of their population density?  They have very small population density compared to many other cities around the world such as Cairo or Paris.
8.Describe the advantage, in terms of the provision of infrastructure, urban consolidation has over urban sprawl? It shows that you can have a dense population at a such a small area as in high-rise apartments. More facilities can be available but using less space.

9.How have urban planners responderd to the issue of urban sprawl in Australia? Urban planners have had to be innovative in their design of apartments and new estates to manage the impacts of population growth in cities

10. a) Which Australian City covers the greatest land area? Melbourne

b) Describe how population density is calculated? It is calculated by dividing population by land area

c) Rank Australia's cities in terms of their population density . Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Wollongong, Perth, Gold Coast, Newcastle, Canberra, Brisbane, Gosford

11. Discuss the opinions the residents in the detatched housing in the foreground might have to the apartment buildings being constructed. What impact will the construction have on their community. The construction will have a large impact as it will greatly oveshadow the smaller houses around the large apartment developments. They will cause about 75% increase in the number of people living in that area. It will also cause shadowing over the smaller houses as the apartment buildings are so large and bulky.
12. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of living in a detached style housing estate compared to apartment living.  A detached house will be better to live in as you have more room to go around and more freedom than compared to an apartment building where you are cramped into a little room with about 100 other people in the same building. It allows there to be more space and make people less stressed as it has more freedom.

Urban Renewal Vocab

Urban Renewal Vocab


Aesthetics - The appreciation of, and sensitivity towards, works of art, designs, products, objects or artifacts. An example is the aesthetics of a building. This example relates to the word as people's feelings and mindset change around the relative looks of a building, inside and outside. If its a warm, colorful and well presented building, people will feel more at home and more comfortable. If its a run-down, rotting building, people will be anxious and uncomfortable.

Safety - The condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences. An example is OH&S regulations. OH&S regulations ensure the wellbeing of a person in the outdoors or the workplace. This relates to safety as the person would be safe from most types of harm, especially physical

Slums - A district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions. An example is a third world area or overpopulated city such as Mumbai. Mumbai's living conditions include 55% of people living in a slum within a 6% area of Mumbai's living space. Slum growth rate is much higher than urban growth.

Decay - The organic phenomenon of rotting. A badly maintained house is an example of decay. This relates to the word as a house that isn't maintained properly would have termites, fungus, collapsing supports and items. This would be uncomfortable for the resident

Reconstruction and renewal - Turning an area to become hospitable or able to be cultivated. A slum would be an example as it would have to be renewed of its waste, decay and poor living conditions to be made properly hospitable and cultivated.

Transport - Moving something or somebody around from one place to the other. An example is public transport. This allows people to catch buses, ferries or trains to get from one place to another easily


Suburbanization - A term used to describe the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities. It is one of the many causes of the increase in urban sprawl. An example is Surry Hills, where the growth of population in that area has increased greatly over the years. In this case, there was no urban sprawl and the area has been increased in value and average income of each resident

Environmental Factors - Factors in the environment that may have an effect on our development or growth eg diet, atmospheric pollutants, cigarette smoke, preservatives, X-rays. These are linked as they would change the way people would consider about living or going to an area. E.g. Going to King's Cross at night or going to Hornsby is clear example as many people would rather Hornsby because of King's Cross' reputation.


Light and Sound - Factors which are technically environmental as they affect the outlook of an area greatly. An example is urbanization and developing of technology. As technology and vehicles such as trains are introduced or used more often, would create much more sound than a regular area with no trains. Light would be a factor as lighting or the brightness (sunlight) of an area would affect people's moods and feelings about that particular place

7.8 Dune Revegetation at Stuarts Point

7.8 Dune Revegetation at Stuarts Point  

1. Name and locate the coastal dune management area discussed in this unit.
The area discussed in this unit is Stuarts Point. Stuarts Point is located at the mouth of the Macleay River just south of Grassy Head headland and North of Shark Island and South West Rocks. 


2. Using the material in the unit, construct a timeline that highlights the changes in the Stuarts Point sand dune ecosystem. 
1893 - A large flood opened up a gap for the Macleay River at South West Rocks causing the original mouth of the Macleay River to close due to build up of silt and lessen in flow. 
Early 1900's - The gap closed allowing cattle to graze along the dune barrier system. Eventually the vegetation was lost and on three consecutive occasions of heavy storms the dunes were drowned. The idea of the dunes being lost caused action from the community as there was threat against some property.
1965 - After approaching the Soil Conservation Service of New South Wales for advice and assistance, they provided native plant seedlings to what was going to be the start of the revegetation program for Stuarts Point. Unfortunately, this scheme failed in August due to cattle grazing. 
1970 - With all the organisations working together, they developed a scheme that would re-establish the dunes in three parts. They would have a primary dune consisting of grasses and creepers, a secondary species consisting of shrubs and short-lived trees and a tertiary species consisting of long-lived trees. 
Today - It continues to be a success today with the plan still intact and very few issues. 

3. Describe the role of the local community in managing the sand dune area.
The community had a large role in making the management of the sand dunes successful. They had the responsibility to keep on the walking tracks, keep litter to a minimum and some people from the communities even volunteered.  Their involvement was a key area of the re-establishment of Stuarts Point. 

4. Why is the sand dune area important to the people of Stuarts Point?
The dune area is very important to the the people of Stuarts Point. Without it, some properties would be lost making it almost crucial to have the dunes in place. 

5. Using 7.35 describe the natural vegetation succession on sand dunes.
The sand dunes are built up of three separate and different plant types.  The first section being made up of grasses and creepers that trap dry sand in the frontal dunes and reduce the sand and spray onto dunes behind it. The second section is made up of  shrubs and short lived trees that are highly adapted prolific re-seeders, fast-growing plants. Finally the third section is made up of long-lived trees that are permanent, highly interdependent, surviving in protection of dune and secondary species. 

6. Explain why vegetation is so important in stabilising sand dunes. 
Vegetation is important in stabilising sand dunes as it stops the wind from blowing the sand away and keeps the sand firm from being washed away by long shore transportation. 
7. What impact did cattle grazing have on the sand dune area?Cattle grazing meant that the vegetation was lost and therefore the were no longer any plants to keep it firm/strong. 

8. Describe the changes to the sand dune area that would have occurred after cattle grazing. Identify the geographical processes that would have been altered as a result of the removal of vegetation from the dunes. 
The sand dune would have become less dense or firm and there would be great loss of sand due the the natural process of long shore transportation. 

9. Identify the groups involved in the rehabilitation program.
The groups involved in the rehabilitation of the sand dune were the Department of Lands, the Department of Public Works, the Macleay Shire Council and he Soil Conservation Service of New South Wales. 

10. Outline the stages involved in the management program undertaken to re-establish the coastal vegetation. The stages taken to re-establish the coastal vegetation included; using a tractor to form a small foredune, then they planted trees along the river band, then they planted the native seedlings between the foredune and the river band and finally once the plants were established coastal tertiary species. 


12. Use maps to explain the geographical process that would have caused the river mouth to silt up. 
The geographical processes that would have caused the Macleay River to silt up include; long shore transportation from the southern parts of the beach as well as wave refraction because the beach faces east. 

13. Evaluate the success of the revegation program in the following areas:
a) Stabilising the sand dunes. The stabilising of sand dunes through revegetation was an enormous success as the sand dunes are still standing strong. By using a multi-part system they made a successful stabilised dune. 
b) Protecting the Macleay River ecosystem. The success of protecting the Macleay River ecosystem was very true, they managed to replant native bushes and trees without causing harm to the dune system. They only issue was that Bitou Bush, a toxic weed that spread all of the fore and hind dunes. 
c) Benefiting groups from the local community. The community benefited immensely from this project. They now had a clear pathway which occasionally needs maintenance and a sand barrier to protect some properties.

Year 10 Monday 28/2: Summarising the TRESB Project

Year 10 Monday 28/2: Summarising the TRESB Project

Write a blog post (including images) which details (a paragraph for each point):

1. The problem which lead to the TRESB Project.
2. The solution to the problem.
3. The result of the project. What areas were effected and how? Do you think that it was a success?

HW: 7.8 Dune Revegetation at Stuarts Point (Due Tuesday)

Vocab Quiz: Thursday 3/3
Unit Quiz: Monday 7/3

 

1. During the 1950s the entrance to the Tweed River, which is at the southern end of the Gold Coast, became a hazard to shiopping because of sandbars that were forming across the river mouth. The easy solution to this problem was to construct breakwaters to stabilise the river entrance and help keep it clear of sand. While these breakwaters initially fixed the problem for shipping, between 1962 and 1965 they had to be entended eagain due to further sand build up. At that time the long term effects on longshore drift and the supply of sand to the beaches north of the Tweed River were not considered.

 

 

 

2. The breakwater on the southern side of the Tweed River acted to trap sand that would naturally be moved in a northerly direction by longshore drift. The continual build up of sand on the southern side of the breakwater eventually caused the river mouth to once again silt up. It became apparent that continually extending the breakwaters was not the solution to provide a safe entrance to the Tweed River.

 

In an effort to create a safe river entrance and solve the problem of the beaches immediately north of the Tweed being deprived of the natural supply of sand, the accumilating sand at the river mouth was periodically dregded and trucked to the Gold Coast where it was used for beach nourishment.

 

 

 

3. The ongoing operations of TRESBP re being constantly monitored. The local community are frequently consulted, beach profiles are monitored both above and below the water to check on sand pumping activities and breakwaters are monitored for erosion and movement. With many users of the beach there are a range of opinions on the success of the project.

 

Generally the restoration of Gold Coast beaches has been well received by all. Tourists and residents have their beaches back and the Tweed River is safer for sbipping. One criticism of the project has been that the beaches of the area are now too wide. Geographers argue that in years to come the beach widths of the southern Gold Coast will return to a more natural state. Since the project has been completed there have been few major erosion events in the Gold Coast area.

 

 

Year 10: Coastal Management - 7.6 The Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project

1) It became necessary to extend the Tweed River breakwaters because the continual build of sand on the southern side caused the river mouth to silt up again, which meant the entrance wasn't safe to use

2) There wouldn't be any sand to be collected for beach nourishment for the Gold Coast Beaches as there would've been before the breakwaters created as there would be less of a sand buildup. Also, after a severe storm, more sand would be built up along the Southern side of the Tweed River would be a lot more trucking of sand into the Gold Coast which would cost a lot more

3) Due to sandbars constantly forming along the entrance to the Tweed River, ships couldn't enter the River because they would run aground. The natural process is called longshore drift

4) Dredging of the Tweed River was a short term goal as it didn't last long as more and more sand continuously built up and the cost of having to dredge it all out was extremely expensive as it had to be done regularly

5) TRESBP replaced natural longshore drift by shifting the built up sand onto other beaches through pipes so that the sand would nourish other beaches and outlets inside of letting the sand and silt building up on the Tweed River

6) The TRESBP was one of the most successful coastal management schemes because it managed to remove the sand and silt build up on the Tweed River and removed it safely without causing harm to the environment, to other outlets such as West and East Snapper Rocks aswell as dredging to the Gold Coast. It also costs a lot less than constantly dredging to the Gold Coast via massive trucks.

7)

8) Since 1962, the breakwaters at the Tweed River have constantly got larger and larger to prevent the buildup of sand aswell as the money needed to extend breakwaters and maintain the River Entrance.
9) The lengths of breakwaters are roughly 250 metres on the North entrance and 25 metres on the South entrance

HOMEWORK – PROFILE ON BIG WAVES

HOMEWORK - Profile on Big Waves - "Jaws" Surf Break Hawaii

Design a blog post on your blog of Maverick waves from different parts of the world. Be sure to describe the geography and the topography of the ocean floor in these areas and how this helps create these massive waves.

"Jaws" is the name given to a big wave surfing reef break on the island of Maui in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It is located on the northern side of the island between mile markers 13 and 14 on the Hana highway and sits at the base of rolling sugar cane field hills. The exact location is represented in the diagram above.


The surf break, a deep water reef break, is called "Jaws" due to the size and ferocity of the waves. The waves at "Jaws" can reach heights of 120 ft (36.6 m) on the face of the wave, moving as fast as 30 mph (48.3 km/h).

The Jaws surf break is the home of tow-in surfing and has reached its worldwide watersports fame largely due to the frequent filming and photography of tow-in surfing legends performing there on enormous ocean waves breaking at the deep reef off the shore; famed big wave surfers such as tow-in surfing pioneers (also known as "The Strapped Crew"-for the rubber straps on their short surfboards to anchor their feet against the forces) notably Laird Hamilton and Dave Kalama.

In order for the surf at "Jaws" to reach its extreme heights, many specific ocean and weather conditions must prevail concurrently. Because ocean swells large enough to produce this kind of surf occur only during winter months, primarily between December and February, they typically coincide with very strong winds which have a large effect on the surf. Other swells, particularly the small but powerful trade wind swells, can make the surf choppy and difficult to ride. There are several other surf spots around the world that boast similar wave heights; however, "Jaws" is famous for its wave forming quality. The reef and rocks at "Jaws" are shaped in a way that magnify incoming swell energy and produce clean and well defined right and left-directional waves with gigantic barreling (hollow, air-filled wave interior) sections

As you can see the Surf Reports go to great detail to ensure surfers have enough information about the break at all times. This can help stay safe in the surf, going out when the winds aren’t at full velocity and staying in when they are. They also provide an extensive long range forecast.  

		Big Wave Rating		Prob	Height	Period	Dir	Wind (Gust)		Weather
Wed 23/02	6am			100%	6.5ft	11secs		9 12 mph			23c
	Noon			100%	6.5ft	10secs		8 9 mph			24c
	6pm			100%	6ft	15secs		7 8 mph			23c
Thu 24/02	6am			100%	5.5ft	9secs		3 2 mph			22c
	Noon			100%	5.5ft	9secs		6 6 mph			24c
	6pm			100%	5.5ft	8secs		10 11 mph			22c
Fri 25/02	6am			55%	5ft	8secs		5 6 mph			22c
	Noon			85%	5ft	11secs		7 7 mph			24c
	6pm			80%	5ft	11secs		5 5 mph			23c

Although this is just a sample, the same table is provided for dates months away which can also give surfers vital information about when it is safe and not safe to surf the break. Generally the higher the wind strength the higher the sets are going to be